Hack-Track-Online-IP Spoofing

IP Spoofing :-

The term IP (Internet Protocol) address spoofing refers to the creation of IP packets with a forged (spoofed) source IP address with the purpose of concealing the identity of the sender or impersonating another computing system.

Why it works ?
IP-Spoofing works because trusted services only rely on network address based authentication. Since IP is easily duped, address forgery is not difficult.
The main reason is security weakness in the TCP protocol known as sequence number prediction.

How it works ?
To completely understand how ip spoofing can take place, one must examine the structure of the TCP/IP protocol suite. A basic understanding of these headers and network exchanges is crucial to the process.

Internet Protocol (IP) :
It is a network protocol operating at layer 3 (network) of the OSI model. It is a connectionless model, meaning there is no information regarding transaction state, which is used to route packets on a network. Additionally, there is no method in place to ensure that a packet is properly delivered to the destination.

Examining the IP header, we can see that the first 12 bytes (or the top 3 rows of the header) contain various information about the packet. The next 8 bytes (the next 2 rows), however, contains the source and destination IP addresses. Using one of several tools, an attacker can easily modify these addresses – specifically the “source address” field.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) :
It is the connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol in the TCP/IP suite. Connection-oriented simply means that the two hosts participating in a discussion must first establish a connection via the 3-way handshake (SYN-SYN/ACK-ACK). Reliability is provided by data sequencing and acknowledgement. TCP assigns sequence numbers to every segment and acknowledges any and all data segments recieved from the other end.

As you can see above, the first 12 bytes of the TCP packet, which contain port and sequencing information.

TCP sequence numbers can simply be thought of as 32-bit counters. They range from 0 to 4,294,967,295. Every byte of data exchanged across a TCP connection (along with certain flags) is sequenced. The sequence number field in the TCP header will contain the sequence number of the *first* byte of data in the TCP segment. The acknowledgement number field in the TCP header holds the value of next *expected* sequence number, and also acknowledges *all* data up through this ACK number minus one.

TCP packets can be manipulated using several packet crafting softwares available on the internet.

The Attack
IP-spoofing consists of several steps. First, the target host is choosen. Next, a pattern of trust is discovered, along with a trusted host. The trusted host is then disabled, and the target's TCP sequence numbers are sampled. The trusted host is impersonated, the sequence numbers guessed, and a connection attempt is made to a service that only requires address-based authentication. If successful, the attacker executes a simple command to leave a backdoor.

Spoofing can be implemented by different ways as given below -

Non-Blind Spoofing :- This type of attack takes place when the attacker is on the same subnet as the victim. The sequence and acknowledgement numbers can be sniffed, eliminating the potential difficulty of calculating them accurately.

Blind Spoofing :- Here the sequence and acknowledgement numbers are unreachable. In order to circumvent this, several packets are sent to the target machine in order to sample sequence numbers.

Both types of spoofing are forms of a common security violation known as a Man In The Middle Attack. In these attacks, a malicious party intercepts a legitimate communication between two friendly parties. The malicious host then controls the flow of communication and can eliminate or alter the information sent by one of the original participants without the knowledge of either the original sender or the recipient. In this way, an attacker can fool a victim into disclosing confidential information by “spoofing” the identity of the original sender, who is presumably trusted by the recipient.

IP spoofing is almost always used in what is currently one of the most difficult attacks to defend against – Denial of Service attacks, or DoS.

CounterMeasures

1) Filtering at the Router :- Implementing ingress and egress filtering on your border routers is a great place to start your spoofing defense. You will need to implement an ACL (access control list)

2) Encryption and Authentication :- Implementing encryption and authentication will also reduce spoofing threats. Both of these features are included in Ipv6, which will eliminate current spoofing threats.

3) Initial Sequence Number Randomizing.

IP Address :-

Definition :-
"An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical identification (logical address) that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes".   -- Wikipedia

The Internet Protocol (IP) has two versions currently in use which are IPv4 and IPv6.
This article represents to IPv4 version only.

In general, an IP address is a 32-bit decimal number that is normally written as four numbers between 1 to 255 (8 bits or 1 byte each), each seperated from the other by a decimal point. This standard is known as "Dotted Decimal Notation".
e.g.-   117.200.77.110

IP addresses are divided into number of ranges/classes as given in the table below-

Class	Range
A	0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
B	128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
C	192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
D	224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
E	240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

e.g.-  IP Address 192.168.24.114 belongs to Class 'C'.

How to find out IP Address of your system ?
1) Connect to the Internet.
2) Launch MS-DOS Command Prompt.
3) Type "netstat -n", Press Enter.

You will get the output similar to following-

The IP Address shown in local address field denotes IP Address of your system.
In this case it is 117.200.160.151

IP Address Formats :-
Four different formats of IP Address along with example is as given below-

1) Domain Name System (DNS) : www.insecure.in
2) DWORD Format : 2928008962
3) Octal Format : 0256.0205.0337.002
4) Dotted Decimal Format : 174.133.223.2

Converting DNS IP Address into Normal IP Address :-
You can easily get the IP Address of any domain by various methods such as WHOIS, Netstat, Ping, Traceroute, etc.
Here I have used 'Ping' to get IP Address.

1) Connect to the Internet.
2) Launch MS-DOS Command Prompt.
3) Type "ping domainname", Press Enter.

You will get the output similar to following-

Here, IP Address for Domain "www.insecure.in" is "174.133.223.2"

Thus by typing "http://www.insecure.in" OR "http://2928008962" OR "0256.0205.0337.02" OR "174.133.223.2" in your browser will take you to the same site.

Not all of these formats work in all browsers.

Packet Header Analysis :-

Following are the easy to analyze ICMP, TCP and UDP packet headers along with short description.
All header Drawings by- "Matt Baxter" (www.fatpipe.org/~mjb/Drawings/)

ICMP Message Types :- ICMP message type-code/name format
0 Echo Reply
3 Destination Unreachable
4 Source Quench
5 Redirect
8 Echo
11 Time Exceeded
12 Parameter Problem
13 Timestamp
14 Timestamp Reply
15 Information Request
16 Information Reply

Checksum :- The checksum is the 16-bit ones's complement of the one's complement sum of the ICMP message starting with the ICMP Type.

RFC 792 :- Please refer to RFC 792 for Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Specification.

---

TCP Flags :- C E U A P R S F

C 0x80 Reduced (CWR)

E 0x40 ECN Echo (ECE)

U 0x20 Urgent

A 0x10 Ack

P 0x08 Push

R 0x04 Reset

S 0x02 Syn

F 0x01 Fin

TCP Options :-

0 End of Options List

1 No Operation (NOP, Pad)

2 Maximum Segment Size

3 Window Scale

4 Selective ACK ok

8 Timestamp

Checksum :- Checksum of entire TCP segment and pseudo header (parts of IP header)

Offset :- Number of 32-bit words in TCP header, minimum value of 5. Multiply by 4 to get byte count.

RFC 793 :- Please refer to RFC 793 for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Specification.

---

Source Port :- an optional field, when meaningful, it indicates the port of the sending process, and may be assumed to be the port to which a reply should be addressed in the absence of any other information. If not used, a value of zero is inserted.

Destination Port :- Destination Port has a meaning within the context of a particular internet destination address.

Length :- Length is the length in octets of this user datagram including this header and the data. (This means the minimum value of the length is eight.)

Checksum :- Checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header, the UDP header, and the data, padded with zero octets at the end (if necessary) to make a multiple of two octets.

RFC 768 :- Please refer to RFC 768 for User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Specification.

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Hack-Track-Online-Privacy Attacks

Privacy Attacks :-

Here attacker uses various automated tools which are freely available on the internet. Some of them are as follows:

1) Trojan :- Trojan is a Remote Administration Tool (RAT) which enable attacker to execute various software and hardware instructions on the target system.

Most trojans consist of two parts -
a) The Server Part :- It has to be installed on the the victim's computer.
b) The Client Part :- It is installed on attacker's system. This part gives attacker complete control over target computer.

Netbus, Girlfriend, sub7, Beast, Back Orifice are some of the popular trojans.

2) Keylogger :- Keyloggers are the tools which enable attacker to record all the keystrokes made by victim and send it's logs secretly to the attacker's e-mail address which is previously set by him.

Almost all the Trojans have keylogging function.

Use of latest updated antirus-firewall, detect the presence of trojan and remove it permanently.

3) Spyware :- Spyware utilities are the malicious programs that spy on the activities of victim, and covertly pass on the recorded information to the attacker without the victim's consent. Most spyware utilities monitor and record the victim's internet-surfing habits. Typically, a spyware tool is built into a host .exe file or utility. If a victim downloads and executes an infected .exe file, then the spyware becomes active on the victim's system.
Spyware tools can be hidden both in .exe files an even ordinary cookie files.
Most spyware tools are created and released on the internet with the aim of collecting useful information about a large number of Internet users for marketing and advertising purposes. On many occasions, attacker also use spyware tools for corporate espionage and spying purposes.

4) Sniffer :- Sniffers were originally developed as a tool for debugging/troubleshooting network problems.
The Ethernet based sniffer works with network interface card (NIC) to capture interprete and save the data packets sent across the network.
Sniffer can turn out to be quite dangerous. If an attacker manages to install a sniffer on your system or the router of your network, then all data including passwords, private messages, company secrets, etc. get captured.

Recommended  Tools
Snort	http://www.snort.org
Ethereal	http://www.ethereal.com

The Trojan Horse :-

What is a Trojan ?
"A Trojan Horse, or Trojan, is a term used to describe malware that appears, to the user, to perform a desirable function but, in fact, facilitates unauthorized access to the user's computer system". - Wikipedia

"A Trojan horse is an apparently useful program containing hidden functions that can exploit the privileges of the user [running the program], with a resulting security threat.". - CERT Advisory

Types of Trojan :-
The different types of Trojan Horses are as follows-

1) Remote Access Trojans :- Abbreviated as RATs, a Remote Access Trojans are potentially the most damaging, designed to provide the attacker with complete control of the victim's system.

2) Data Sending Trojans :- A type of a Trojan horse that is designed to provide the attacker with sensitive data such as passwords, credit card information, log files, e-mail address or IM contact lists. They could install a keylogger and send all recorded keystrokes back to the attacker.

3) Destructive Trojans :- Once this Trojan is installed on your computer, it will begin to systematically or completely randomly delete information from your computer. This can include files, folders, registry entries, and important system files, which likely to cause the failure of your operating system.

4) Proxy Trojans :- A type of Trojan horse designed to use the victim's computer as a proxy server. This gives the attacker the opportunity to conduct illegal activities, or even to use your system to launch malicious attacks against other networks.

5) FTP Trojans :- A type of Trojan horse designed to open port 21 (FTP) and acts like an FTP server. Once installed, the attacker not only could download/upload files/programs to victim's computer but also install futher malware on your computer.

6) Security Software Disabler Trojan :- A type of Trojan horse designed stop or kill security programs such as an antivirus program or firewall without the user knowing. This Trojan type is normally combined with another type of Trojan as a payload.

7) DoS Attack Trojans :- These trojans are used by the attacker to launch a DoS/DDoS attack against some website or network or any individual. In this case they are well known as "Zombies".

How Trojan Works ?
Trojans typically consist of two parts, a client part and a server part. When a victim (unknowingly) runs a Trojan server on his machine, the attacker then uses the client part of that Trojan to connect to the server module and start using the Trojan. The protocol usually used for communications is TCP, but some Trojans' functions use other protocols, such as UDP, as well. When a Trojan server runs on a victim\92s computer, it (usually) tries to hide somewhere on the computer; it then starts listening for incoming connections from the attacker on one or more ports, and attempts to modify the registry and/or use some other auto-starting method.

       It is necessary for the attacker to know the victim\92s IP address to connect to his/her machine. Many Trojans include the ability to mail the victim\92s IP and/or message the attacker via ICQ or IRC. This system is used when the victim has a dynamic IP, that is, every time he connects to the Internet, he is assigned a different IP (most dial-up users have this). ADSL users have static IPs, meaning that in this case, the infected IP is always known to the attacker; this makes it considerably easier for an attacker to connect to your machine.

       Most Trojans use an auto-starting method that allows them to restart and grant an attacker access to your machine even when you shut down your computer.

How Trojan Horses Are Installed ?
Infection from Trojans is alarmingly simple. Following are very common ways to become infected that most computer users perform on a very regular basis.

• Software Downloads
• Websites containing executable content (ActiveX control)
• Email Attachments
• Application Exploits (Flaws in a web applications)
• Social Engineering Attacks

The Removal :-
Antivirus software is designed to detect and delete Trojan horses ideally preventing them from ever being installed.

1) NetBus :-

• Latest Version: NetBus 2.10 Pro
• Developer: Carl-Fredrik Neikter
• Default Port: 20034 (variable)
• Language: Delphi
• Operating System: Windows 95/98, NT4 or later
• Type: Remote Access
• Download:  NB2ProBeta.zip

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2) Back Orifice XP :-

• Latest Version: BOXP Beta 7
• Developer: Javier Aroche
• Default Port: 15380
• Language: Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
• Operating System: Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP
• Type: Remote Access
• Download:  boxp_beta7_bin.zip

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3) SubSeven / Sub7 :-

• Latest Version: SubSeven 2.2
• Developer: Mobman
• Default Port: 1080, 1369, 5873, 27374 (variable)
• Language: Delphi
• Operating System: Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000
• Type: Remote Access, Keylogger, Eavesdropper, Sniffer, Proxy server, FTP server
• Download:  Subseven.2.2.zip

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4) Beast :-

• Latest Version: Beast 2.07
• Developer: Tataye
• Default Port: 6666
• Language: Delphi
• Operating System: Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP
• Type: Remote Access, Keylogger
• Download:  Beast_2.07.rar

The NetBus Trojan :-

NetBus was written in Delphi by Carl-Fredrik Neikter, a Swedish programmer in March 1998.

It is capable of :--

• Open/Close CD-ROM
• Show optional BMP/JPG image
• Swap mouse buttons
• Start optional application
• Play a wav file
• Control mouse
• Show different kind's of messages
• Shut down Windows
• Download/Upload/Delete files
• Go to an optional URL
• Send keystrokes and disable keys
• Listen for and send keystrokes
• Take a screendump
• Increase and decrease the sound-volume
• Record sounds from the microphone
• Make click sounds every time a key is pressed

This utility also has the ability to scan "Class C" addresses by adding "+Number of ports" to the end of the target address. Example: 255.255.255.1+254 will scan 255.255.255.1 through 255.

NetBus 2.0 Pro :- It was completely re-written and re-designed. It now has increased features such as improved GUI for client and server, improved file manager, windows manager, registry manager, plugin manager, capture of web cam images, n...more............!

Following is the stepwise procedure for installation and configuration of NetBus 2.0 Pro (server and client).

1) Download NetBus 2.0 Pro. from here -  NB2ProBeta.zip

2) Extract and install properly on your system.

3) After installation you will find the two shortcuts in the NetBus installation directory.

	This is to be executed on victim's system.
	This is to be executed on your system.

4) By Executing the 'NetBus Server' (on victim's computer), you will be greeted by a window as shown in figure (left). Click on 'Settings' button.
Here you can configure server settings such as port no, password, visibility, auto/manual start, etc. as shown in figure (right).


Click on 'OK' button to finish NetBus Server settings.
Then close the NetBus Server window.

5) By executing 'NetBus' (i.e. client)(on your system), you will be greeted by a window as shown below-

6) To add a new host go to the menu 'Host' and then click 'New'. This is as shown in figure (left).
Here you should enter the proper Destination(e.g. 'My Computer'), IP Address(eg. 72.232.50.186), TCP Port(by default 20034), Username/Password(exactly same as that of 'NetBus Server') for target computer.


Click on 'OK' to finish the addition of new host.

7) Now you are ready to connect with target(victim's) computer.
To do so, select the host from main window then go to 'Host' menu and then click 'Connect'.

8) After client get connected with server(target computer), you can use any of the features of 'NetBus Trojan' as listed above. You can see all these tools on 'Toolbar' of NetBus Client.

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Hack-Track-Online-Hacking tools 100% free for download

Hacking Tools :-

Port Scanners :-

Nmap :- This tool developed by Fyodor is one of the best unix and windows based port scanners. This advanced port scanner has a number of useful arguments that gives user a lot of control over the process. Home:- http://www.insecure.org Latest Release:- Nmap 5.50 Download:- http://nmap.org/download.html

Superscan :- A Windows-only port scanner, pinger, and resolver SuperScan is a free Windows-only closed-source TCP/UDP port scanner by Foundstone. It includes a variety of additional networking tools such as ping, traceroute, http head, and whois. Home:- http://www.foundstone.com Latest Release:- SuperScan v4.0 Download:- http://www.foundstone.com/us/resources/proddesc/superscan4.htm

Angry IP Scanner :- A fast windows IP scanner and port scanner. Angry IP Scanner can perform basic host discovery and port scans on Windows. Its binary file size is very small compared to other scanners and other pieces of information about the target hosts can be extended with a few plugins. Home:- http://www.angryziber.com [sourceforge.net] Latest Release:- IPScan 3.0-beta3 Download:- http://www.angryziber.com/w/Download

Unicornscan :- Unicornscan is an attempt at a User-land Distributed TCP/IP stack for information gathering and correlation. It is intended to provide a researcher a superior interface for introducing a stimulus into and measuring a response from a TCP/IP enabled device or network. Some of its features include asynchronous stateless TCP scanning with all variations of TCP flags, asynchronous stateless TCP banner grabbing, and active/passive remote OS, application, and component identification by analyzing responses. Home:- http://www.unicornscan.org Latest Release:- Unicornscan 0.4.7-2 Download:- http://www.unicornscan.org

OS Fingerprinting Tools :-

Nmap :- This tool developed by Fyodor is one of the best unix and windows based active os fingerprinting tool. Home:- http://www.insecure.org Latest Release:- Nmap 5.50 Download:- http://nmap.org/download.html

P0f :- A passive OS fingerprinting tool. P0f is able to identify the operating system of a target host simply by examining captured packets even when the device in question is behind an overzealous packet firewall.P0f can detect firewall presence, NAT use, existence of load balancers, and more! Home:- http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/p0f.shtml Latest Release:- p0f v2 (2.0.8) Download:- http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/p0f.shtml

Xprobe2 :- Active OS fingerprinting tool. XProbe is a tool for determining the operating system of a remote host. They do this using some of the same techniques as Nmap as well as some of their own ideas. Xprobe has always emphasized the ICMP protocol in its fingerprinting approach. Home:- http://www.sys-security.com [sourceforge.net] Latest Release:- Xprobe2 0.3 Download:- http://sourceforge.net/projects/xprobe

Password Crackers :-

Cain and Abel :- The top password recovery tool for Windows. This Windows-only password recovery tool handles an enormous variety of tasks. It can recover passwords by sniffing the network, cracking encrypted passwords using Dictionary, Brute-Force and Cryptanalysis attacks, recording VoIP conversations, decoding scrambled passwords, revealing password boxes, uncovering cached passwords and analyzing routing protocols. Home:- http://www.oxid.it Latest Release:- cain & abel v4.9.40 Download:- http://www.oxid.it/cain.html

John the Ripper :- A powerful, flexible, and fast multi-platform password hash cracker. John the Ripper is a fast password cracker, currently available for many flavors of Unix, DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS. Its primary purpose is to detect weak Unix passwords. It supports several crypt(3) password hash types which are most commonly found on various Unix flavors, as well as Kerberos AFS and Windows NT/2000/XP LM hashes. Several other hash types are added with contributed patches. Home:- http://www.openwall.com Latest Release:- John the Ripper 1.7 Download:- http://www.openwall.com/john/

THC Hydra :- A Fast network authentication cracker which support many different services. When you need to brute force crack a remote authentication service, Hydra is often the tool of choice. It can perform rapid dictionary attacks against more then 30 protocols, including telnet, ftp, http, https, smb, several databases, and much more. Home:- http://www.thc.org Latest Release:- THC-Hydra v5.4 Download:- http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-hydra/

L0phtcrack :- Windows password auditing and recovery application L0phtCrack, also known as LC5, attempts to crack Windows passwords from hashes which it can obtain (given proper access) from stand-alone Windows NT/2000 workstations, networked servers, primary domain controllers, or Active Directory. In some cases it can sniff the hashes off the wire. It also has numerous methods of generating password guesses (dictionary, brute force, etc). Home:- Not Available Latest Release:- L0phtcrack v5.04 Download:- http://download.insecure.org/stf/lc5-setup.exe                   http://download.insecure.org/stf/lc5-crack.zip (keygen)

Pwdump :- Windows password recovery tool. Pwdump is able to extract NTLM and LanMan hashes from a Windows target, regardless of whether Syskey is enabled. It is also capable of displaying password histories if they are available. It outputs the data in L0phtcrack-compatible form, and can write to an output file. Home:- http://www.foofus.net/fizzgig/pwdump Latest Release:- pwdump6 version 1.7.2 Download:- http://swamp.foofus.net/fizzgig/pwdump/downloads.htm

RainbowCrack :- An Innovative Password Hash Cracker. The RainbowCrack tool is a hash cracker that makes use of a large-scale time-memory trade-off. A traditional brute force cracker tries all possible plaintexts one by one, which can be time consuming for complex passwords. RainbowCrack uses a time-memory trade-off to do all the cracking-time computation in advance and store the results in so-called "rainbow tables". It does take a long time to precompute the tables but RainbowCrack can be hundreds of times faster than a brute force cracker once the precomputation is finished. Home:- http://www.antsight.com Latest Release:- rainbowcrack v1.2 Download:- http://www.antsight.com/zsl/rainbowcrack/

Brutus :- A network brute-force authentication cracker This Windows-only cracker bangs against network services of remote systems trying to guess passwords by using a dictionary and permutations thereof. It supports HTTP, POP3, FTP, SMB, TELNET, IMAP, NTP, and more. Home:- http://www.hoobie.net Latest Release:- brutus-aet2 Download:- http://www.hoobie.net/brutus/brutus-download.html

Vulnerability Scanners :-

Nessus :- Premier UNIX vulnerability assessment tool Nessus is the best free network vulnerability scanner available, and the best to run on UNIX at any price. It is constantly updated, with more than 11,000 plugins for the free (but registration and EULA-acceptance required) feed. Key features include remote and local (authenticated) security checks, a client/server architecture with a GTK graphical interface, and an embedded scripting language for writing your own plugins or understanding the existing ones. Home:- http://www.nessus.org Latest Release:- Nessus 4 Download:- http://www.nessus.org/download/

GFI LANguard :- A commercial network security scanner for Windows GFI LANguard scans IP networks to detect what machines are running. Then it tries to discern the host OS and what applications are running. I also tries to collect Windows machine's service pack level, missing security patches, wireless access points, USB devices, open shares, open ports, services/applications active on the computer, key registry entries, weak passwords, users and groups, and more. Scan results are saved to an HTML report, which can be customized/queried. It also includes a patch manager which detects and installs missing patches. Home:- http://www.gfi.com Latest Release:- GFI LANguard Network Security Scanner 8 Download:- http://www.gfi.com/lannetscan/

Retina :- Commercial vulnerability assessment scanner by eEye Like Nessus, Retina's function is to scan all the hosts on a network and report on any vulnerabilities found. It was written by eEye, who are well known for their security research. Home:- http://www.eeye.com Latest Release:- Retina Network Security Scanner v5.15.7 Download:- http://www.eeye.com/html/Products/Retina/index.html

Core Impact :- An automated, comprehensive penetration testing product. it is widely considered to be the most powerful exploitation tool available. It sports a large, regularly updated database of professional exploits, and can do neat tricks like exploiting one machine and then establishing an encrypted tunnel through that machine to reach and exploit other boxes. Home:- http://www.coresecurity.com Latest Release:- Core Impact 4.0 Download:- http://www.coresecurity.com/

ISS Internet Scanner :- Application-level vulnerability assessment Internet Scanner started off in '92 as a tiny open source scanner by Christopher Klaus. Now he has grown ISS into a billion-dollar company with a myriad of security products. http://www.iss.net/products_services/enterprise_protection /vulnerability_assessment/scanner_internet.php

SARA :- Security Auditor\92s Research Assistant SARA is a third generation network security analysis tool that Operates under Unix, Linux, MAC OS/X or Windows. The first generation assistant, the Security Administrator's Tool for Analyzing Networks (SATAN) was developed in early 1995. It became the benchmark for network security analysis for several years. However, few updates were provided and the tool slowly became obsolete in the growing threat environment. Home:- http://www-arc.com Download:- http://www-arc.com/sara

Packet Sniffers :- Ethereal :- This (also known as Wireshark) is a fantastic open source network protocol analyzer for Unix and Windows. It allows you to examine data from a live network or from a capture file on disk. You can interactively browse the capture data, delving down into just the level of packet detail you need. Ethereal has several powerful features, including a rich display filter language and the ability to view the reconstructed stream of a TCP session. It also supports hundreds of protocols and media types. Home:- http://www.wireshark.org Latest Release:- Wireshark 1.0.4 (Ethereal) Download:- http://www.wireshark.org/download.html Kismet :- A powerful wireless sniffer. Kismet is a console based 802.11 layer2 wireless network detector, sniffer, and intrusion detection system. It identifies networks by passively sniffing, and can even decloak hidden networks if they are in use. It can automatically detect network IP blocks by sniffing TCP, UDP, ARP, and DHCP packets, log traffic in Wireshark/TCPDump compatible format, and even plot detected networks and estimated ranges on downloaded maps. Home:- http://www.kismetwireless.net Latest Release:- Kismet-2008-05-R1 Download:- http://www.kismetwireless.net/download.shtml Tcpdump :- The classic sniffer for network monitoring and data acquisition. It is great for tracking down network problems or monitoring activity. There is a separate Windows port named WinDump. TCPDump is the source of the Libpcap/WinPcap packet capture library. Home:- http://www.tcpdump.org Latest Release:- TCPDUMP 4.0.0 Download:- http://www.tcpdump.org/ Ettercap :- Ettercap is a terminal-based network sniffer/interceptor/logger for ethernet LANs. It supports active and passive dissection of many protocols (even ciphered ones, like ssh and https). Data injection in an established connection and filtering on the fly is also possible, keeping the connection synchronized. Many sniffing modes were implemented to give you a powerful and complete sniffing suite. Plugins are supported. It has the ability to check whether you are in a switched LAN or not, and to use OS fingerprints (active or passive) to let you know the geometry of the LAN. Home:- http://ettercap.sourceforge.net Latest Release:- Ettercap NG-0.7.3 Download:- http://sourceforge.net/projects/ettercap/ DSniff :- A suite of powerful network auditing and penetration-testing tools. This popular and well-engineered suite by Dug Song includes many tools. dsniff, filesnarf, mailsnarf, msgsnarf, urlsnarf, and webspy passively monitor a network for interesting data (passwords, e-mail, files, etc.). arpspoof, dnsspoof, and macof facilitate the interception of network traffic normally unavailable to an attacker (e.g, due to layer-2 switching). sshmitm and webmitm implement active monkey-in-the-middle attacks against redirected ssh and https sessions by exploiting weak bindings in ad-hoc PKI. Overall, this is a great toolset. It handles pretty much all of your password sniffing needs. Home:- http://www.monkey.org Latest Release:- dsniff-2.3 Download:- http://www.monkey.org/~dugsong/dsniff/ Encryption Tools :- GnuPG / PGP :- Secure your files and communication with the advanced encryption. PGP is the famous encryption program by Phil Zimmerman which helps secure your data from eavesdroppers and other risks. GnuPG is a very well-regarded open source implementation of the PGP standard (the actual executable is named gpg). While GnuPG is always free, PGP costs money for some uses. http://www.gnupg.org/ http://www.pgp.com/ OpenSSL :- The premier SSL/TLS encryption library. The OpenSSL Project is a collaborative effort to develop a robust, commercial-grade, full-featured, and open source toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) protocols as well as a full-strength general purpose cryptography library. The project is managed by a worldwide community of volunteers that use the Internet to communicate, plan, and develop the OpenSSL toolkit and its related documentation. http://www.openssl.org/ Tor :- An anonymous Internet communication system Tor is a toolset for a wide range of organizations and people that want to improve their safety and security on the Internet. Using Tor can help you anonymize web browsing and publishing, instant messaging, irc, ssh, and other applications that use the TCP protocol. Tor also provides a platform on which software developers can build new applications with built-in anonymity, safety, and privacy features. http://tor.eff.org/ Stunnel :- A general-purpose SSL cryptographic wrapper. The stunnel program is designed to work as an SSL encryption wrapper between remote client and local or remote server. It can be used to add SSL functionality to commonly used inetd daemons like POP2, POP3, and IMAP servers without any changes in the programs' code. http://www.stunnel.org/ OpenVPN :- A full-featured SSL VPN solution. OpenVPN is an open-source SSL VPN package which can accommodate a wide range of configurations, including remote access, site-to-site VPNs, WiFi security, and enterprise-scale remote access solutions with load balancing, failover, and fine-grained access-controls. OpenVPN implements OSI layer 2 or 3 secure network extension using the industry standard SSL/TLS protocol, supports flexible client authentication methods based on certificates, smart cards, and/or 2-factor authentication, and allows user or group-specific access control policies using firewall rules applied to the VPN virtual interface. OpenVPN uses OpenSSL as its primary cryptographic library. http://openvpn.net/ TrueCrypt :- Open-Source Disk Encryption Software for Windows and Linux. TrueCrypt is an excellent open source disk encryption system. Users can encrypt entire filesystems, which are then on-the-fly encrypted/decrypted as needed without user intervention beyond entering their passphrase intially. A clever hidden volume feature allows you to hide a 2nd layer of particularly sensitive content with plausible deniability about whether it exists. Then if you are forced to give up your passphrase, you give them the first-level secret. Even with that, attackers cannot prove that a second level key even exists. http://www.truecrypt.org/

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